Rigs Don't Matter -- Laying Down Rigs, Shutting In Wells, And Still It Rises -- And So Do Exports .... Natural Gas -- Part 2 -- May 30, 2020

In response, I suppose, to my post earlier today: rigs don't matter -- US natural gas production continues to increase, a reader sent me a note. But before we get to that note, a reminder of what I wrote earlier:

Natural gas fill rate, link here. Look at these numbers, simply staggering. And this comes despite the industry "shutting down" as fast as it can:

• working gas storage: an increase of 109 BCF from the previous week
• working gas storage: an increase of 42% year-over-year
• working gas storage: an increase of 19% over 5-year-average (and the 5-year average keeps increasing)

Not entirely true, but from my perspective, the three major US shale oil plays are actually giving the US shale natural gas plays a run for their money.

Over the past few weeks, I have caught some of the stories regarding the US natural gas industry but a reader really, really put it into perspective. So, while protesters tear down the US and drive to their destinations in SUVs running on inexpensive, readily accessible, and consistently pure-grade gasoline or diesel fuel, this is what "their" US energy sector is doing. Again, a huge "thanks" to the reader for putting this all together:

• Deals:
• Ukraine just signed purchase agreement for US LNG for annual out put of one (1) standard LNG train (~5 mtpa); the Ukraine is in Russia's backyard;
• Turkey is not repairing the damaged gas pipeline from Iran and, instead, is purchasing US LNG
• likewise, US LNG is cheaper than piped Gazprom pricing (~$7/mmbtu) and so Turkey is also reducing LNG from Russia 
• the Yamal-Poland gas pipe currently not flowing supply as Poland ramps up purchases of US LNG
• both Algeria and Egypt have greatly curtailed exports of natgas due to low pricing.
• Customers such as Cyprus, Croatia, Italy, Hungary are either now switching to US LNG purchases or are planning to
• Qatar is struggling to extend LNG supply contracts to both India and Pakistan as their ~$7/mmbtu prices are higher than current ~$4/$5 spot mostly sourced from USA 
• Singapore is not renewing contracts to receive piped gas from nearby Malaysian and Indonesian suppliers as  US LNG prices are so much lower 
• the reader's favorite: the world's leading LNG exporter - Australia - may start IMPORTING LNG from US into Port Kembla by next year.
• Reader's comments:
• people seem generally oblivious to the ultra-low cost to extract US 'shale' natgas, liquefy it, and transport it in ships that use the "boil off gas" for fuel (essentially cost free fuel).
• just as the Saudi government is pinched for oil-connected revenues, other global players are starting to be squeezed in a BIG way by competition from US LNG.

My comments:

Those are amazing data points; I had no idea of the "immensity."

I had seen a few of these data points over the past few weeks but I only caught a few of them. When all of them are put together, as you note, it's a reminder (for lack of a better word) how incredibly dominant the US energy sector really is.

Some years from now, I suspect, the current demand destruction issue / COVID-19 pandemic will be seen as a speed bump and at best a footnote in America's energy history.

Boil off gas (link here): 

US Natural Gas Production -- The Shale Revolution -- A New USGS App -- October 8, 2019

Updates

Later, 9:34 p.m. CT: see comments. A reader mentioned that lifting costs in the desert were a whole lot less than those in the Bakken. This is as good a time as any to re-post "break-even" costs in the Bakken:

 
$8 / bbl in Mountrail County. $12 statewide.

Original Post

From a reader:

I didn't see much news on this, but the USGS has new a new application for US natural gas assessments.

The USGS shows a marginal increase in the Marcellus from 84 to 97 TCF.

In addition, there's an (initial?) assessment of the Utica at 117 TCF.

 This is showing the normal pattern of the USGS increases over time that we've seen in other plays (Bakken, Permian, etc.)

Also, while big, the USGS numbers are still quite lower than the Potential Gas Committee (PGC) estimates (which also tend to get bigger over time): http://potentialgas.org/press-release.

In round numbers, then, about 100 TCF for both the Marcellus and the Utica; the estimates will increase over time.

To put these numbers in perspective, see this post.

The "117 TCF" is well under what others have estimated:

• Utica, newly revised figures: 782 trillion cubic feet

From that linked source:

According to the new study’s estimates, the total Utica Shale play could hold technically recoverable volumes of 782 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and nearly 2 billion barrels of oil.

The estimates from a research partnership organized by West Virginia University represent the average of a wider range of possibly recoverable amounts of oil and gas in the Utica, which stretches beneath parts of Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and other states and includes neighboring oil- and gas-bearing geologic layers.

A 2012 U.S. Geological Survey assessment of the Utica Shale and underlying Point Pleasant formation pegged the technically recoverable undiscovered resources at 38 trillion cubic feet of gas, 940 million barrels of oil and 208 million barrels of natural gas liquids such as ethane, butane and propane.

 Regardless of the various estimates, the bottom line: the US remains "king of natural gas." From the USGS press release, September 11, 2019:

The Potential Gas Committee (PGC) today released the results of its latest biennial assessment of the nation’s natural gas resources, which indicates that the United States possesses a total mean technically recoverable resource base of 3,374 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) as of year-end 2018.

This is the highest resource evaluation in the Committee’s 54-year history, exceeding the previous high assessment (from year-end 2016) by 557 Tcf (increase of about 20%).

This is also the largest two-year increase in absolute resources between evaluations in the PGC history.

The increase resulted from reassessments of shale gas resources in the Atlantic and Mid-Continent areas and conventional and tight gas in the Mid-Continent and Rocky Mountain areas.

McKinsey: Natural Gas Update -- Through 2035 -- September 11, 2019

US natural gas: making America great. Link to report on McKinsey Energy Insights. Globally, new natural gas production forecast to be 635 billion cubic meters by 2035; half of that to be produced by US.

Data points:

• among fossil fuels, only natural gas will likely continuously grow in demand through 2035
• 2018: the turning point in terms of gas and LNG market dynamics
• China became the world's biggest LNG importer
• highest volume of liquefaction projects taking final investment decision (FID)
• that set the tone through 2035 -- long term projects
• Asian economies in the ascendancy, led by China; growing energy demand
• US continues to rank highly for both supply and demand
• supply side -- Europe and Asia's second-tier economies falling away
• 2018: China took overtook Japan as the world's biggest importer of gas
• China surpassed South Korea to become the second-biggest LNG importer
• through 2035, Asia (all of Asia) will account for 95% of glboal LNG demand growth until at least 2035
• demand
• global demand: will grow at about 1% annually
• Asian demand: will grow twice as fast, more than 2% annually
• production
• global production: new production to grow by at least 635 billion cubic meters
• US to supply more than half of that; 380 bcm
• Russia: 110 bcm of new production
• Africa: 110 bcm of new production
• Pipeline, note US-Mexico:

... new pipeline construction will add more than 200 bcm of cross-border gas capacity by 2025, with the U.S. and Russia retaining their major piped gas exporter positions. The firm also noted that three U.S.-Mexico projects totaling 60 bcm in capacity – the largest set of pipelines set to be completed anywhere in the world by 2025 – should conclude by the end of this year. Nord Stream 2, which will ship Russian gas to Germany (and the European Union) via the Baltic Sea, represents the second-largest set of pipeline projects and will reach a total of 55 bcm by next year

Finally, LNG and FID:

... “a record volume” of LNG projects – more than 60 million tonnes per annum (mtpa), or 20 percent of today’s market – took FID in the last 12 months and will push the LNG supply-demand balance into the late-2020s.

“Looking ahead, only one in 10 proposed LNG projects will take FID, with over 100 LNG projects totaling 1,100 mtpa of capacity competing to fill the 125 mtpa supply gap by 2023,”

Appalachian Storage Hub Has Been Added As A Link -- June 9, 2019

Appalachian Storage Hub (ASH) has been added as a link to the sidebar at the right.

A google search will reveal that the next ASH conference is scheduled for early June, 2019.

Hess Reclaims Bragging Rights To Largest Natural Gas Processing Plant In North Dakota -- April 27, 2019

Natural gas processing plants in North Dakota are tracked here. 

Updates

April 27, 2019: see also this post on the Vantage Pipeline.

April 27, 2019: see second comment below --

Have often theorized the Hess and Targa want to deliver ethane to a cracker and convert the ethane pipeline to propane as Alberta has a propane cracker to be built. Targa owns half of the Little Missouri gas plant and is a supplier for Gulf Coast crackers.

There has been almost no word on a cracker for years- either dead or in the quiet phase.

April 27, 2019: see first comment below --

The Alliance pipeline, which only has conditioned Nat gas, ends in Illinois where that huge Nat gas is. Palermo, ND, has a lateral to that pipeline. Conditioned gas has all the sulfides, chlorides and non carbon gases removed.

It's a good way to deliver propane and butane etc to industrial parts. Nat gas delivered to users has an upper BTU limit, so they must be removed.

Original Post   

See tag, "NG_Plants_ND," although I have failed to tag a lot of posts that should have been tagged. My bad.

For gas plants in North Dakota, the "official site" of the North Dakota Pipeline Authority, link here.

I could be wrong, but when one thinks of natural gas processing in North Dakota, this is sort of the status in chronological order:

• Hess is the oldest; has always been there; has made Tioga what it is -- the oil capital of ND (Williston is "Boom Town, USA"); if Hess was "ND Gas" it was somewhat local;
• ONEOK was the big "outsider" to come into North Dakota at the very beginning of the boom; it probably did more than any other company to move the Bakken natural gas industry along; it deserves a lot of credit for having so much "faith" in North Dakota
• Oasis: one of the independent, small operators who saw the potential for NG plants; may have the largest plant (at one time it did, apparently, but I've lost track of who has the biggest plant now); updated below;
• CLR: does a lot of natural gas gathering but not known (at least in my mind) as a NG operator in the Bakken

All of that as background for newbies. If others have a different perspective on history of NG gathering and processing in the Bakken I would love to hear that, and post it (anonymously, of course, if so desired).

Disclaimer: I estimate that I understand 1% of all that is going on in the Bakken with regard to crude oil; I understand even less about the natural gas industry.

Hess to expand its natural gas processing capacity at its Tioga Gas Plant by 150 million cubic feet per day, creating a total of 400 million cfpd processing capacity north of the Missouri River. Link here.

• cost: the expansion to cost approximately $150 million gross; or, 
• $30 million net to Hess Midstream
•  will add residue and y-grade liquids processing capacity to the existing full fractionation and ethane extraction capability of the current plant
• I've forgotten but I believe Hess has a huge pipeline moving ethane from its Tioga plant to Canada (one pipeline not killed by the Obama administration)

Digression: this is really cool. For newbies, I have always divided the ND oil footprint into two geographic areas, the north and the south. The north would be the Bakken boom on both sides of the river; the south would be the legacy Red River wells and some Bakken in the southwestern part of the state. But looks like one can be a bit more specific, with four geographic areas:

• north of the river, Bakken boom (CLR)
• south of the river, excluding the reservation, Bakken boom (everyone)
• the reservation, south of the river, Bakken boom (KOG, now Whiting, Senator Dorgan)
• southwestern North Dakota: legacy Red River, and some Bakken boom (CLR)

Now back to Hess.

Again, repeating: for gas plants in North Dakota, the "official site" of the North Dakota Pipeline Authority, link here.

At that link, scroll down to see the spreadsheet. You can click on the spreadsheet to make it bigger. The spreadsheet now goes out to 2021. Oasis had bragging rights: it has the largest natural gas processing plant -- Wild Basin had a capacity of 320 million cfpd. The Oasis Wild Basin plant is in McKenzie County, south of the river.

But now Hess has reclaimed bragging rights. With its planned expansion, it will have a capacity of 400 million cfpd. 

How does 400 million cfpd compare with other natural gas processing plants across the US? I'm glad you asked.

See the EIA summary at this link. Wow, make my day. Making America great. Yeah, 400 million cfpd is huge, but there are plants out there with 1 billion and 2 billion cfpd capacity. The west has a few huge plants, but look at the number and size of the plants in Texas.

Okay, hold that image.

Now, move up to the northeast. Hard to make that out? Go to this link with this graphic:

Pretty impressive, huh?

Besides the "blue dots," there is something else of interest. Look at all the grey -- the shale plays. The graphic did not break out conventional plays and many (most?) of the shale plays overlap/extend the conventional plays.

Most surprising "data points" on that graph, at least for me, two:

• the size of the Illinois blue dot; and, 
• that huge shale play in Michigan; see this link; the narrative is very, very good

Well, that should keep enthusiasts busy all weekend. Go to the links, which will take you to more links, and before you know it, you will be in so deep in a rabbit hole, you will never get out. LOL. 

Largest Cross-Border Natural Gas Pipeline (By Volume) To Be Operational Early This Summer -- April 19, 2019

Re-posting because it's making America great again. 

From SeekingAlpha:

TransCanada and IEnova's (Sempra Energy) Sur de Texas-Tuxpan pipeline to add U.S. natural gas export capacity to Mexico should come online by the end of June.

The Texas-to-Mexico pipeline had been expected to come online by mid-February but technical and other problems have delayed the project by more than a year.

Sur de Texas will connect with Enbridge's 2.6B cf/day Valley Crossing pipeline; once the entire pipeline system comes online, it will comprise the largest cross-border gas pipeline by volume.

More Moratoria On Natural Gas Hook-Ups Announced For NYC, New England -- February 7, 2019

Wow, before I even get started, I see renewable energy is down to a new low in New England, contributing only 7% to the grid. Natural gas is now supplying more than 51% of electricity for New England.

Anyway, back to the subject at hand. Before I get started, a huge "thank you" to the reader who alerted me to this. This particular reader does not write me often, but when he does it's always incredibly good information. Based on what he sends me, I doubt anyone knows more about the natural gas sector in the northeast United States than he does.

Years ago I worked in a NYC bedroom community, Westfield, NJ. It was important for me to "know" the jurisdictional boundaries of cities, counties, states.

Throw in the boroughs of NYC and it comes even more complicated.

The City of New York is made up of five boroughs. The State of New York is made up of counties. Each City borough is also State county.

• Manhattan - New York County
• Bronx - Bronx County
• Brooklyn - Kings County
• Queens - Queens County
• Staten Island - Richmond County

There are several counties in the area:

• Westchester County: includes Yonkers, New Rochelle, Mount Vernon, and White Plains
• On Long Island:
• Brooklyn County
• Nassau County
• Queens County
• Suffolk County

I do that for my benefit. I became more interested in the geography of the area after reading The Great Gatsby.

But the geography is important for me for other reasons.

A reader reminds me that two utilities in the NYC area have announced moratoria on new natural gas hook-ups (previously posted, but I can't keep track of all this).

From a reader:

Huge utility, Con Ed, rocked New York city area by declaring a moratorium on new gas hookups in Westchester starting in a few weeks (March 15). Developers are apoplectic as this means no new construction will occur sans economical natgas supply.

Second, large utility - National Grid - just followed up with another body blow to region by declaring a new gas hookup moratorium starting May 15 for Brooklyn, Queens, and Long Island.

The reader writes:

There is a short (24 mile long) gas pipeline Northeast Expansion Supply - that would alleviate most of this shortfall, but politics has been holding up construction.

The writer suggests that there are very "big" developers, business interests that won't "go belly up to Save the Planet."

The moratoria?

It's serious. See this this article over at lohud.

Con Ed could run out of natural gas before the moratorium is put into place. 

How Two Wells in Wyoming Explain the Natural-Gas Glut -- WSJ -- March 22, 2018

From The Wall Street Journal today: How Two Wells in Wyoming Explain the Natural-Gas Glut. Demand is growing, but so are the troves of gas being unearthed by prospectors. With 154 comments.

I don't think this article adds much to the discussion but it's interesting nonetheless.

From the lede:

Fuel prices are depressed. A pair of wells in southwest Wyoming helps explain why.
This winter, Ultra Petroleum Corp., just months after emerging from bankruptcy, completed two huge wells in the state, drilling down more than two miles and then sideways for another two. Each have produced enough gas to fuel every household in Wyoming.

Ultra’s wells—whose initial flows have been among the largest ever in the U.S.—show how prospectors continue to unearth huge troves of gas.

That output is offsetting increases in the fuel’s use and keeping a lid on prices.

Repeat: each well has already produced enough gas to fuel every household in Wyoming.

The other nice thing about the article -- because of the blog I was able to a) understand it; and, b) put it in perspective.

"Two miles down and then sideways for another two miles": identical to what's going on in the Bakken.

From the article:

In April 2016, Ultra filed for bankruptcy protection after low gas prices pushed its earnings relative to debt below thresholds spelled out in agreements with creditors. When the Houston company emerged from bankruptcy protection a year later, it embarked on a plan to drill horizontal wells.

A horizontal well in 2016 was a flop. But this time, Ultra drilled a gusher, which maxed out at the equivalent of 51 million cubic feet a day. A third well was far less prolific.

For the fourth well, begun in January, the company went back to the more successful well design, which involved pumping 281,000 barrels of water and 12.4 million pounds of sand beneath the surface. This attempt was even better than the preceding one, producing as much as the equivalent of 54.5 million cubic feet a day. It cost about $9 million.

 281,000 bbls of water? What's that? Converts to 11 million gallons of water.

Sand: about 11%.

Water, sand, percentage: about the same we are seeing in the big fracks in the Bakken. Ultra may have gotten the "ink" today, but operators in the Bakken have been doing this for the past ten (10) years. And for less money in many cases.

4Q17 Natural Gas Results From Ohio (Utica) Released -- March 9, 2018

From a reader:

Ohio's DNR just released 4th quarter production results from the Utica. (http://oilandgas.ohiodnr.gov/). 

Increase of 38% over 2016's 4th quarter at 5.5 Bcfd (energy equivalent to almost 1 million barrels of oil/day). 

Yearly output rose 24% from 2016 to 2017. 

Cowboyistan in the Buckeye State.

The Utica is tracked here.

US Natural Gas Production, A Random Update -- March 3, 2018

Updates

NOTE: from million tonnes LNG per year (MTPA) to Bcf/d = multiply the former by 0.131584156

March 4, 2018: China became second largest importer of LNG (after Japan) in 2017; Japan 11 Bcf/d; China, 5 Bcf/d; but Japan's and Korean imports have remained steady for years; China's is growing significantly; see EIA data;

March 4, 2018: the world needs a lot more LNG -- Royal Dutch Shell --

• global trade volumes of LNG have doubled since 2005, and will continue to rise
• the US will boast almost 10 billion cfpd of LNG export capacity by the end of 2019
• US will be the third-largest LNG exporter, right behind Australia and Qater
• that alone is amazing, but then consider this: two years ago (2016), the US had less than 1 Bcf/d of export capacity
• Shell says the global supply of LNG won't meet demand
• Shell expects the supply crunch to occur i the early 2020s mostly due to the way buyers/sellers interact
• buyers want smaller, more flexible, shorter (in duration) contracts
• sellers want the opposite to lock in prices / volumes to cover very expensive terminals ($4 billion for Cove Point)
• sellers have responded: smaller trains at Cove Point; floating terminals

March 4, 2018: with regard to the Cove Point comment below, see this Reuters story --

• first vessel carry LNG from newly constructed Cove Point LNG export terminal in Maryland has departed as of Friday (remember all the protesting again Cove Point? with revelations of Russia's meddling in US politics, the dots are starting to connect; I always thought it was Saudi Arabia sponsoring protests against shale, pipelines, natural gas -- nope, it was the Russians; if they dupe people into anti-Hillary demonstrations supporting Bernie Sanders, certainly they could do much more in the energy arena)
• the facility is still undergoing final commissioning
• Cove Point is the second big LNG export terminal in the Lower 48; after Cheniere Energy's Sabine Pass terminal in Louisiana which exported its first cargo in February, 2016
• US became an exporter of LNG in 2017 for the first time in 60 years
• the US will become the third largest LNG exporter this year (2018)

Later, 10:32 p.m. CT: see comments --

Regarding LNG and its export ...

Two developments will greatly assist US companies to bypass existing LNG producers, namely modularization and ship-based LNG plants.

Modularization: Tellurian cost to produce 27 mtpa (almost double Yamal [ Russia, Arctic]) is about $16 billion (about half Yamal) using the modularization approach.

Floating LNG: Delfin plans on using FLNGs -- ships -- to greatly lower the price to liquify gas.

Later, 9:59 p.m. CT: see first comment --

The Cove Point MD LNG just shipped its first test cargo of LNG the other day. [Think of all the jobs this "operation" has produced.]

At 750 MMcfd capacity, it will increase US exports a bit.

One year from now, pipelines will be online carrying 10 Bcfd gas out of the Appalachian Basin. This will increase AB (Appalachian Basin) production from 25 to 35 Bcfd ... simply a staggering amount.  [Again, to put that in perspective -- Bloomberg Gadfly points out that the additional 7 billion cfd growth this year is staggering -- imagine multiplying that 7 billion by four or five times -- and that's just one year from now.]

More increases will continue.

People are gonna be shocked at how much gas the US will be producing 5 years from now.

Original Post 

Natural gas, US production, EIA, the graphic:

Bloomberg, the Gadfly, January, 2018:

Again, to repeat, the US will add the equivalent of the entire output of Turkmenistan -- one of the world's largest gas exporters -- in the space of just one year.

According to a google search:

During 2009, Qatar exported over 2.4 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.

From SeekingAlpha, March 2, 2018:

The big fundamental news this week was that Lower 48 production averaged an all-time high of ~78.4 Bcf/d, and LNG exports reached ~4 Bcf/d.

80 billion x 30 days = 2,400 billion cf/month -- compare to  2,427 billion in the EIA graph at the top.

Disclaimer: I often make simple arithmetic errors, especially dealing with large numbers.

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Just Dropped In ...

... To See What Condition My Condition Was In, Kenny Rodgers and The First Edition

A Most Incredible Graph -- Global Warming Causes A Surge In Natural Gas Use -- January 11, 2018

A stunning graphic, simply stunning:

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Sun Dogs

From The Bismarck Tribune, via Twitter:

I first read about sun dogs when reading Shakespeare some years ago.

Here are two links:

• when sun dogs changed England
• wiki, with a photo from Fargo, ND, of all things

Making America Great -- A Record Year For Natural Gas -- January 10, 2018

This is for the archives more than anything else. From Bloomberg:

• America's gas production is forecast to set new records this year and next
• huge surge year-over-year
• the "extra" 7 billion cubic feet of gas production expected in 2018 to be produced in the US equals the entire output of Turkmenistan -- one of the world's largest gas exporters

Two reasons for this surge

Two big reasons for this are logistics and oil. Pipelines able to carry roughly 7 billion cubic feet of gas a day away from the prolific Appalachian region are due to start up this year, allowing production that's been bottled up in the East to flood out. Meanwhile, rising oil production in the Permian shale basin and elsewhere will bring increased quantities of associated gas.

US Natural Gas Demand -- Setting All-Time Records -- Making America Great Again -- January 8, 2018

From the EIA, January 5, 2018:

Color Me Confused -- Tea Leaves Suggest The Permian Is Struggling -- October 24, 2017 -- The Energy And Market Page, T+276

Before I get started, wow, I am in a great mood. It feels like a Monday. I had an NFL-free Monday night, completely forgot about it, and then thought that it would be on tonight. And it's not. Six free hours tonight. Wow. 

This never would have happened under the previous administration: utility costs going down! From InvestorVillage:

• utility rates doing down as much as 8% in the Pacific NW due to "glut" of natural gas

From the link above, this is of interest. Compare Canada and California with the US (not including California):

Confused. I have heard / read from multiple sources that the Permian was struggling. Today, there was more talk that US E&P operators would "soon" run out of "Tier 1" drilling locations which would cause problems for those in the Permian. And then, out of the blue, two companies focused on the Permian attracted the attention of CNBC mid-day:

• Alon -- now part of Delek
• Delek (DK)

Disclaimer: this is not an investment site. Do not make any investment, financial, job, travel, or relationship decisions based on what you read here or think you may have read here.

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The Dow was up more 200 points at one point during the day.

NYSE, 191 new highs, including: BRK-B; Boeing; CAT; Polaris; RDS-B; Statoil;

• new lows, 46, including ATT (oh, my); Baker Huges a GE (BHGE) (oh, my); GE; Weatherford (WFT, oh, my)
• EW: down $7. Ouch.

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Hess: Selling Assets

Link here; data points:

• will divest its subsidiary Hess Norge; sell statkes in Norway's Valhall and Hod fields: $2 billion
• will sell its offshore Equatorial Guinea: $650 million
• will sells its interests in Denmark's South Arne Field

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Making America Great

US midwest oil refiners boost output, cut region's dependence on Gulf Coast-- Reuters, data points:

• midwest refiners banking on North Dakota oilfields
• oil trade maps are being redrawn
• in 2016, Midwest refining capacity rose to almost 4 million bopd, the highest annual volume on record
• DAPL: made a huge difference
• ten years ago, Midwest refiners a million bopd short
• the Midwest will go from being short roughly 500,000 bpd of gasoline this year to a surplus of roughly 200,000 bpd by 2030
• but, low demand for refined products in Midwest could be a problem

Better Late, Than Never -- December 21, 2016

I remember when Qatar was the BIG name in natural gas.

This was from the EIA today via Twitter. This is 2014 data. Apparently "they" are still collecting 2015 data.