Thursday, September 18, 2025

Lots Of Blogging Quickly; Typographical And Content Errors Likely Over Past Two Days -- September 18, 2025

Locator: 49151B.

NDIC website: looks like the website is down tonight. Or at least some modules.  

*****************************
Back to the Bakken

WTI: $63.54.

Active rigs: unable to download daily activity report.

Five new permits, #42319 - 42323, inclusive, Hess, Cottonwood oil field:

  • 42319, Hess, RS-Holland-157-92-3624H-2, Cottonwood, 467 FNL 275 FWL;
  • 42320, Hess, RS-Holland-157-92-3624H-3, Cottonwood, 467 FNL 308 FWL;
  • 42321, Hess, RS-Holland-157-92-3624H-5, Cottonwood, 467 FNL 375 FWL;
  • 42322, Hess, RS-Holland-157-92-3624H-4, Cottonwood, 467 FNL 341 FWL;
  • 42323, Hess, RS-Holland-157-92-3624H-6, Cottonwood, 467 FNL 408 FWL;

****************************
The Book Page

Link here.

**********************************
Disclaimer
Brief Reminder 

Briefly:

  • I am inappropriately exuberant about the Bakken and I am often well out front of my headlights. I am often appropriately accused of hyperbole when it comes to the Bakken.
  • I am inappropriately exuberant about the US economy and the US market.
  • I am also inappropriately exuberant about all things Apple. 
  • See disclaimer. This is not an investment site. 
  • Disclaimer: this is not an investment site. Do not make any investment, financial, job, career, travel, or relationship decisions based on what you read here or think you may have read here. All my posts are done quickly: there will be content and typographical errors. If something appears wrong, it probably is. Feel free to fact check everything.
  • If anything on any of my posts is important to you, go to the source. If/when I find typographical / content errors, I will correct them. 
  • Reminder: I am inappropriately exuberant about the Bakken, US economy, and the US market.
  • I am also inappropriately exuberant about all things Apple. 
  • And now, Nvidia, also. I am also inappropriately exuberant about all things Nvidia. Nvidia is a metonym for AI and/or the sixth industrial revolution.
  • I've now added Broadcom to the disclaimer. I am also inappropriately exuberant about all things Broadcom.
  • Longer version here

Re-Posting -- September 18, 2025

Locator: 49150NVIDIA.

Updates

September 20, 2025: Nvidia’s $5 billion won’t “save” Intel. Link here.

Original Post

Nvidia: Jensen Huang is not through buying; he just spent $900 million (~ $1 billion) to hire Enfabrica CEO, license AI startup's technology; link here.

  • Efabrica's technology: can connect more than 100,000 GPUs together;
  • currently, Nvidia's racks come with 72 GPUs installed working together;
    • e.g., the kind of system announced by Microsoft today: a $4 billion data center in Wisconsin;
      • Microsoft's Wisconsin AI data center, part of a $7.3 billion campus in Mount Pleasant, connects its servers with fiber optic cables . The facility is built to operate as a single AI supercomputer, and the vast scale and speed requirements of AI workloads necessitate fiber over traditional copper links.  
      • While the specific provider for the Wisconsin data center's fiberoptic cables isn't directly stated, the partnership between Microsoft and Lumen Technologies for next-generation AI infrastructure indicates Lumen is a likely key supplier for Microsoft's network needs, including those at the Wisconsin facility. 
        • Lumen has reserved a portion of Corning's fiber-optic cable production to support AI-driven applications, and their agreement will help meet the surging demand from large data centers like Microsoft.
        • Lumen Technologies and Corning are collaborating and have established a supply agreement where Corning will provide Lumen with its next-generation optical fiber and cable to expand Lumen's network infrastructure for high-bandwidth applications, particularly for Artificial Intelligence (AI) data centers. Corning's innovative, fiber-dense cable system allows Lumen to install significantly more fiber in the same conduit, increasing network capacity and preparig Lumen to support major cloud data center clients.

Market: I'll post more later tonight. Pressed for time right now due to family commitments, but three things:

  • I couldn't be happier about how the market did today;
  • CNBC "Fast Money" panel attributed the US stock market action due to the quarter-basis-point cut; they were completely wrong; I'll explain later;
  • I was completely wrong regarding my earlier comments about the Nvidia-Intel deal
    • I can't recall if I posted that on the blog or if my comments were in sidebar (e-mail) discussion with a reader; regardless, I'll talk about that later, also
    • for now, Jim Cramer had the best explanation during his opening on "Mad Money," CNBC, although more can be added.

Intel-Nvidia: Market Watch, link here

Different styles:

  • Pat Gelsinger: looking to sell parts of Intel to raise badly needed cash to save company;
  • Lip-Bu Tan: venture capitalist; one of the best in the world; former Intel executive; raising money by offering stakes in the company:
    • SoftBank: $2 billion, August, 2025
    • Trump: $8.9 billion stake, August, 2025 (no new money; Intel had already received the money)
    • Intel: $5 billion, September, 2025

Cramer:

  • $5-billion deal:
    • did not mention "foundry"
    • focused on server and PC (think "Intel inside," #1 competitor: AMD)

Cramer:

  • doesn't guarantee survival of Intel
    • Intel still needs to execute 
      • remains a huge challenge
  • at this point, Nvidia's stake is mostly a huge "stamp of approval" supporting President Trump
  • but, long term, Nvidia widens its strategic footprint
    • currently, core competency -- GPUs for hyperscalers
    • stake in Intel: consumer electronics (PCs) and servers (retail and commercial)

Good news

  • supports the view
    • that the fourth industrial revolution (AI, large data centers, hyperscalers) is real;
    • that the revolution is not hyperbole, not a bubble, not hype
  • winners and losers not settled
  • still very, very early
    • plenty of time to methodically invest in the fourth industrial revolution

SCCO: what did SCCO do today? Up slightly. Rose with the market but not by much. If one needs cash to do it, is time to sell a bit of SCCO and buy LUMN? 

**********************************
Disclaimer
Brief Reminder 

Briefly:

  • I am inappropriately exuberant about the Bakken and I am often well out front of my headlights. I am often appropriately accused of hyperbole when it comes to the Bakken.
  • I am inappropriately exuberant about the US economy and the US market.
  • I am also inappropriately exuberant about all things Apple. 
  • See disclaimer. This is not an investment site. 
  • Disclaimer: this is not an investment site. Do not make any investment, financial, job, career, travel, or relationship decisions based on what you read here or think you may have read here. All my posts are done quickly: there will be content and typographical errors. If something appears wrong, it probably is. Feel free to fact check everything.
  • If anything on any of my posts is important to you, go to the source. If/when I find typographical / content errors, I will correct them. 
  • Reminder: I am inappropriately exuberant about the Bakken, US economy, and the US market.
  • I am also inappropriately exuberant about all things Apple. 
  • And now, Nvidia, also. I am also inappropriately exuberant about all things Nvidia. Nvidia is a metonym for AI and/or the sixth industrial revolution.
  • I've now added Broadcom to the disclaimer. I am also inappropriately exuberant about all things Broadcom.
  • Longer version here

Apple's MacBook Air M4 On Sale Over At Amazon -- September 18, 2025

Locator: 49149APPLE.

Yesterday I posted this:

Too good to pass up.


After posting the above, I then ordered the laptop as advertised above (different color) for my wife. She's been using an old MacBook Air M1 for several years now (released by Apple in 2020 -- already showing its age).

I bought it using the 12-month, no interest plan -- $70 / month for a year.

It arrived at noon today. 

My wife and I set it up in fifteen miutes; if we weren't so "deliberate," we could have set it up in five minutes. It's everything it is advertised to be. 

*************************
More

In that same link from yesterday -- 

Link here. Or go directly to Johnny Evans, link here.

Apple saw the highest annual growth of all PC makers in the second quarter, according to analysts at Canalys.

Apple and Lenovo were the only PC makers to experience any growth in the US desktop and notebook markets in the second quarter. Apple saw the highest year-on-year growth of all PC makers.

That growth is significant: While the industry as a whole shipments for the second quarter drop by 1.4 percent compared to a year earlier, Apple experienced a 15.5% increase — the biggest in the business. Lenovo, the one PC maker that did experience some growth, saw an increase of just 5.1%. Many PC makers (Acer and others outside the top five) saw a 10% decline.

The decline in shipments comes as the over-hyped end of support for Windows 10 nears. Many in the industry had expected PC sales to rise as the deadline approached and users migrated to new systems capable of running Windows 11.

That’s happening, but many are making different choices. Sure, millions of Windows consumers are staying with Windows, but the big growth favors Apple, which now seems to account for 12.3% of all desktop and notebook computer sales in the US.

This suggests a growing number of Windows users see the end of Windows 10 as a catalyst to upgrade, but to upgrade to a completely different platform.

AI adoption is also driving PC sales, the analysts said. Apple, of course, arguably already makes the most powerful systems for artificial intelligence, as evidenced by the fact that you can quite literally run some LLM models natively on a MacBook Pro. Combined with the company’s willingness to partner with third-party AI services while continuing to develop its own, that trend toward AI PCs may well work in its favor. Particularly once the contextually smart side of Apple Intelligence is introduced next year.

Much more at the link.

**********************************
Disclaimer
Brief Reminder 

Briefly:

  • I am inappropriately exuberant about the Bakken and I am often well out front of my headlights. I am often appropriately accused of hyperbole when it comes to the Bakken.
  • I am inappropriately exuberant about the US economy and the US market.
  • I am also inappropriately exuberant about all things Apple. 
  • See disclaimer. This is not an investment site. 
  • Disclaimer: this is not an investment site. Do not make any investment, financial, job, career, travel, or relationship decisions based on what you read here or think you may have read here. All my posts are done quickly: there will be content and typographical errors. If something appears wrong, it probably is. Feel free to fact check everything.
  • If anything on any of my posts is important to you, go to the source. If/when I find typographical / content errors, I will correct them. 
  • Reminder: I am inappropriately exuberant about the Bakken, US economy, and the US market.
  • I am also inappropriately exuberant about all things Apple. 
  • And now, Nvidia, also. I am also inappropriately exuberant about all things Nvidia. Nvidia is a metonym for AI and/or the sixth industrial revolution.
  • I've now added Broadcom to the disclaimer. I am also inappropriately exuberant about all things Broadcom.
  • Longer version here

Thursday -- September 18, 2025

Locator: 49148B.

NDIC website: looks like the website is down tonight. Or at least some modules.

Nvidia: Jensen Huang is not through buying; he just spent $900 million (~ $1 billion) to hire Enfabrica CEO, license AI startup's technology; link here.

  • Efabrica's technology: can connect more than 100,000 GPUs together;
  • currently, Nvidia's racks come with 72 GPUs installed working together;
    • e.g., the kind of system announced by Microsoft today: a $4 billion data center in Wisconsin;
      • Microsoft's Wisconsin AI data center, part of a $7.3 billion campus in Mount Pleasant, connects its servers with fiber optic cables . The facility is built to operate as a single AI supercomputer, and the vast scale and speed requirements of AI workloads necessitate fiber over traditional copper links.  
      • While the specific provider for the Wisconsin data center's fiberoptic cables isn't directly stated, the partnership between Microsoft and Lumen Technologies for next-generation AI infrastructure indicates Lumen is a likely key supplier for Microsoft's network needs, including those at the Wisconsin facility. 
        • Lumen has reserved a portion of Corning's fiber-optic cable production to support AI-driven applications, and their agreement will help meet the surging demand from large data centers like Microsoft.
        • Lumen Technologies and Corning are collaborating and have established a supply agreement where Corning will provide Lumen with its next-generation optical fiber and cable to expand Lumen's network infrastructure for high-bandwidth applications, particularly for Artificial Intelligence (AI) data centers. Corning's innovative, fiber-dense cable system allows Lumen to install significantly more fiber in the same conduit, increasing network capacity and preparig Lumen to support major cloud data center clients.

Market: I'll post more later tonight. Pressed for time right now due to family commitments, but three things:

  • I couldn't be happier about how the market did today;
  • CNBC "Fast Money" panel attributed the US stock market action due to the quarter-basis-point cut; they were completely wrong; I'll explain later;
  • I was completely wrong regarding my earlier comments about the Nvidia-Intel deal
    • I can't recall if I posted that on the blog or if my comments were in sidebar (e-mail) discussion with a reader; regardless, I'll talk about that later, also
    • for now, Jim Cramer had the best explanation during his opening on "Mad Money," CNBC, although more can be added.

Intel-Nvidia: Market Watch, link here

Different styles:

  • Pat Gelsinger: looking to sell parts of Intel to raise badly needed cash to save company;
  • Lip-Bu Tan: venture capitalist; one of the best in the world; former Intel executive; raising money by offering stakes in the company:
    • SoftBank: $2 billion, August, 2025
    • Trump: $8.9 billion stake, August, 2025 (no new money; Intel had already received the money)
    • Intel: $5 billioin, September, 2025

Cramer:

  • $5-billion deal:
    • did not mention "foundry"
    • focused on server and PC (think "Intel inside," #1 competitor: AMD)

Cramer:

  • doesn't guarantee survival of Intel
    • Intel still needs to execute 
      • remains a huge challenge
  • at this point, Nvidia's stake is mostly a huge "stamp of approval" supporting President Trump
  • but, long term, Nvidia widens its strategic footprint
    • currently, core competency -- GPUs for hyperscalers
    • stake in Intel: consumer electronics (PCs) and servers (retail and commercial)

Good news

  • supports the view
    • that the fourth industrial revolution (AI, large data centers, hyperscalers) is real;
    • that the revolution is not hyperbole, not a bubble, not hype
  • winners and losers not settled
  • still very, very early
    • plenty of time to methodically invest in the fourth industrial revolution

*****************************
Back to the Bakken

WTI: $63.54.

Active rigs: unable to download daily activity report.

Five new permits, #42319 - 42323, inclusive, Hess, Cottonwood oil field:

  • 42319, Hess, RS-Holland-157-92-3624H-2, Cottonwood, 467 FNL 275 FWL;
  • 42320, Hess, RS-Holland-157-92-3624H-3, Cottonwood, 467 FNL 308 FWL;
  • 42321, Hess, RS-Holland-157-92-3624H-5, Cottonwood, 467 FNL 375 FWL;
  • 42322, Hess, RS-Holland-157-92-3624H-4, Cottonwood, 467 FNL 341 FWL;
  • 42323, Hess, RS-Holland-157-92-3624H-6, Cottonwood, 467 FNL 408 FWL;

Power -- September 18, 2025

Locator: 49147AI.

The chart below is the "here-and-now," not a projection. Scary, huh?

The slope "accelerated" in 2018 and remarkably showed no downturn during the Covid-19 lockdown of 2020. It's incredibly subtle but it appears the curve steepened slightly in 2022, as might be expected, coming out of the lockdown.

Link here.

CAT -- Surges -- A 52-Week High -- September 18, 2025

Locator: 49146CAT.

52-week high. In graphic below has pulled back a bit off the intra-day high.

The Meeting In England Has Begun -- Trump - Starmer Only Ones On Stage -- Tech CEOs In Audience -- September 18, 2025

Locator: 49145UKDEAL.

A trifecta:

  • Mideast tour.
  • American Manufacturing Program.
  • Tech Prosperity Deal.

Link here.

"Tech Prosperity Deal."

$200 billion deal.

Apparently, very, very specific.

CEOs from Apple (note who is listed first in this news story), Nvidia, Blackstone, and OpenAi are scheduled to attend a business leaders' reception with Starmer on Thursday (tomorrow) when the $200 billion deal will be formally announced. 

Jumping out at me: Apple, OpenAI ... and Nvidia.

OpenAI: Sam Altman. 

To best of my knowledge, Elon Musk not invited.

Think back to Apple's "American Manufacturing Program" announced in the Oval Office on August 28, 2025, or thereabouts.

$600 billion program? I forget.

Corning.

Coherent.

Coherent provides laser-related equipment, components, and services used for a range of industries and applications. It operates numerous subsidiaries that focus on specific applications like engraving, drilling, or soldering. It manufactures things like lenses, mirrors, diodes, laser measurement equipment, industrial lasers, and lasers used in research labs.

MP Materials.

TSMC.

Broadcom.

And a long list continues.

Link here.

Back to the UK.

Trump's opening remarks: mentions Jensen by name, "taking over the world." Then Blackstone, Then Jensen again.

We'll see full list later.

Trump emphasizes need for electricity. ChatGPT says Germany's economy at greater risk with regard to energy, but I think it's actually England, but for different reasons. Germany: heavy industry. England: light industry.

ICYMI -- The Seating Chart -- Re-Posting -- September 18, 2025

Locator: 49144APPLE.

Of note: "everybody" showed up for King Charles' state dinner -- including Tim Cook who was seated only a few seats to the right of President Trump. Folks may recall that Tim Cook snubbed Trump when he (Cook) did not show up in Saudi Arabia some months ago.

Seating chart: Tim Cook was seated to four seats (depending how you count) to the right of President Trump.
  • On Trump's immediate right was Duchess of York (Princess Kate);
  • to her right was David Owen, the husband of biotech CEO Dame Emma Walmsley (CEO of GSK plc);
  • to his right, Tiffany Trump (fourth child of Donald Trump and his only child with his second wife, Marla Maples); and then,
  • to her right, Tim Cook

I'm 99% sure I have this correct. Feel free to fact-check. 

Let The Guessing Begin -- Nvidia To Invest $5 Billion In Intel -- September 18, 2025

Locator: 49143NVIDIA.

AMD: takes the big hit on the news. Plummets in pre-market. Down $8 / share.

Corroborates earlier story about huge shortage of foundry capacity in the US. I can't remember if I posted the story on this blog or elsewhere, or where I found the story -- I believe it was in a long conversation with ChatGPT -- the foundry capacity in this country is severely strained. TSMC in Phoenix will barely make a dent in meeting demand.

Market surge:

  • NVDA: up 3%
  • INTC: up 32% -- pre-market

Pre-market: INTC up $7.00.

The big story here: how many folks still think AI, chips, yada, yada, yada is a bubble.

**********************************
Disclaimer
Brief Reminder 

Briefly:

  • I am inappropriately exuberant about the Bakken and I am often well out front of my headlights. I am often appropriately accused of hyperbole when it comes to the Bakken.
  • I am inappropriately exuberant about the US economy and the US market.
  • I am also inappropriately exuberant about all things Apple. 
  • See disclaimer. This is not an investment site. 
  • Disclaimer: this is not an investment site. Do not make any investment, financial, job, career, travel, or relationship decisions based on what you read here or think you may have read here. All my posts are done quickly: there will be content and typographical errors. If something appears wrong, it probably is. Feel free to fact check everything.
  • If anything on any of my posts is important to you, go to the source. If/when I find typographical / content errors, I will correct them. 
  • Reminder: I am inappropriately exuberant about the Bakken, US economy, and the US market.
  • I am also inappropriately exuberant about all things Apple. 
  • And now, Nvidia, also. I am also inappropriately exuberant about all things Nvidia. Nvidia is a metonym for AI and/or the sixth industrial revolution.
  • I've now added Broadcom to the disclaimer. I am also inappropriately exuberant about all things Broadcom.
  • Longer version here

D+1: One Day After The Fed Cut Rates -- September 18, 2025

Locator: 49142INVESTING.

The market: yesterday's market was a mess following the Fed announcement. It looks like the dust has settled.

  • dot plot: one more cut guaranteed -- October -- 100% if nothing changes -- by year-end
  • the market betting on two more cuts by year-end.

The new target, consensus, though JPow disagrees:

  • inflation goal: 3%

Pre-market:

On a day like this ... if it plays out like the pre-market suggests -- on a day like this ... it's not a stock picker's market. It's a day when one can simply throw darts. Exhibit A: INTC.

Of note: "everybody" showed up for King Charles' state dinner -- including Tim Cook who was seated only a few seats to the right of President Trump. Folks may recall that Tim Cook snubbed Trump when he (Cook) did not show up in Saudi Arabia some months ago.

Seating chart: Tim Cook was seated to four seats to the right of President Trump. On Trump's immediate right was Duchess of York (Princess Kate); to her right was David Owen, the husband of biotech CEO Dame Emma Walmsley (CEO of GSK plc). To his right, Tiffany Trump (fourth child of Donald Trump and his only child with his second wife, Marla Maples), and then to her right, Tim Cook

Jeremy Siegel on the Fed's rate cut:

  • not wearing glasses this a.m.; looks like he's ready to go somewhere;
  • Waller: front-runner for chairman; surprised he was not more aggressive; how will Trump see Waller?
  • maybe a show of support for JPow
  • surprised that there were no dissents (except the one from Miran, of course)
  • the market will hit new highs today; best day ever to be in the market (tongue in cheek)
  • low dollar favorable to US stocks
  • all the negatives from the tariffs offset by all the positives in the market
  • very, very bullish.

Automobile door handles: who would have thought this becomes the big auto story in both the EU and the US

  • Tesla is updating its passenger-trapping door handles -- The Verge

Pemex: Mexico will inject nearly $14 billion into this company ... again.

EU: tables vote on planned greenhouse vote; no new date set. The proposal was a 90-percent cut on GHG emissions for 2040 compared with 1990 levels. Avoids a circular firing squad for now.

  • Macron: poster child for draconian cuts; now? Was behind the EU's decision to table that vote.

Mike Pence: if one thinks MAGA is too conservative, watch Mike Pence. Wow. Makes Trump look like Hillary.

Governor Newsom: pulling out his standard playbook -- threatens oil traders if regulators see any "market manipulation" -- setting the stage to blame the oil companies if (when?) California gasoline prices surge.

O'Hare: Chicago's air traffic surged this year. Certainly doesn't look like a recession in the Rust Belt.

Corn's falling prices: recurrent topic on x today. Record US production predicted; then this:

Note this, and ask the question why?

Answer: ethanol and corn syrup.

*************************
Larry Ellison

How is Ellison able to fund his spending binge?

His Oracle shares are put up as collateral, but not actually spending the money.

A lot of billionaire's fortunes are tied up in loans.

Loans are not taxed. In some cases, interest on these loans can be tax-deductable.

Meanwhile, shares used as collateral for successful ventures continue to appreciate.

*********************************
Intel and Antifa

Finally, more adulting in the room: Trump designates ANTIFA as a terrorist group. The big question: who in Portland / Hillsboro pushed Trump's button on this one? Quick: where is Intel's largest operating site located, and a crucial center for research and development? The Hillsboro facility includes both manufacturing capabilities and a large research and design center, making it a center for technological innovation.

ChatGPT prompt: Intel was founded in Santa Clara, California. How did Intel end up in Hillsboro?

ChatGPT reply:

  • one of the most important stories in US semiconductor story
    • in plain terms:
      • Intel founded in 1968 in Santa Clara, CA
      • through the 1970s, all of its major operations -- R&D, fabs, and HQ -- centered in Silicon Valley
    • why Oregon?
      • in the 1970s, Intel facing:
      • high costs of land and labor
      • increasing traffic congestion
      • growing environmental restrictions
    • meawhile, Oregon offered:
      • lower-cost land and electricity
      • proximity to the Bay Area
      • skilled workforce (multiple universities)
      • aggressive state-level incentives
    • the first step: aloha, Oregon, 1974
      • Intel's first Oregon facility in 1974 in Hillsboro to manufacture more chips
      • modest start but proved Oregon could do it
    • growth into Hillsboro, 1980s to 1990s
    • Hillsboro became Intel's "Ronler Acres" and "Jones Farm" campuses
    • today: Hillsboro -- Intel's crown jewel
      • Intel's largest site worldwide; 20,000+ employees

Intel's new CEO: appears to be working 24/7 to turn Intel around. 

Big change from Pat Gelsinger. New CEO: Lip-Bu Tan. Doesn't roll off one's tongue like "Pat Gelsinger." Won Trump over. That Antifa story is huge. Maybe there's no connection between Nvidia / Intel deal and Trump naming Antifa a terrorist organization but some folks don't believe in coincidences.

Trump: every time you see Trump on television, imagine if that was Biden. 

And I still hear a lot of staunch Republicans who sound like they now wish they had voted for Biden. Including some of my extended family members. They seem unable to answer the question, if not Trump, who? Jeffries? Pocahontas? Gavin? Walz (about to become the longest serving governor in Minnesota)?

Thursday -- September 18, 2025

Locator: 49141B.

Breakfast: Casey's -- link here. Includes a great video on the rise of the c-store meal: how Casey's took over small town America. Sounds like they took a page from the early days of Walmart.

Agriculture: big story -- low corn prices; farmers feeling the pain; Trump's tariffs may be used for new farm bill.

***********************************
Back to the Bakken

WTI: $63.49.

New wells:

  • Friday, September 19, 2025: 30 for the month, 123 for the quarter, 563 for the year,
    • 41212, conf,  Slawson, Daredevil Federal 3-2-14H,
    • 41077, conf, Hess, GO-Foss Fam Trst-156-97-2314H-6,
    • 41075, conf, Hess, GO-Foss Fam Trst-156-97-2314H-3,
    • 40814, conf, Enerplus, Fort Berthold 148-94-19D-18-10H,
  • Thursday, September 18, 2025: 26 for the month, 119 for the quarter, 559 for the year,
    • 40974, conf, Hess, HA-Grimestad-152-95-3031H-12,
    • 40797, conf, Slawson, Daredevil Federal 2-2-14H,

RBN Energy: increasing gasoline grade differentials draw attention back to the octane market.

The last three years have seen historic changes in the U.S. octane market. The wholesale value of octane, the primary yardstick of gasoline quality and price, spiked threefold in 2022, followed by another year of high values in 2023. The numbers for 2024 and (so far) 2025 have been more stable, but still historically high. In today’s RBN blog, we look at why retail octane values have risen so high and why refiners have been capturing only a small share of the corresponding increase. 

Let’s start with some background on gasoline and octane. Experienced fuel consumers who pay close attention to gasoline prices know that the retail pump price differential between premium gasoline (typically 93 octane) and regular gasoline (typically 87 octane) has increased from a long-term historical value below 20 cents/gal to about 90 cents/gal today. We can think of this premium-regular price differential (also known as the “grade differential”) as the retail value of octane; that is, the current differential of 90 cents/gal is the value the end consumer is willing to pay for the extra six (93 – 87 = 6) octane numbers that come with premium versus regular gasoline. The steady increase in the retail octane value is explained, in broad terms, as steadily increasing octane demand and decreasing octane supply. (For more detail on octane and the octane supply/demand picture, see our Breaking The Chains series.)

Refiners don’t capture the full 90-cent retail value on the octane they produce. In fact, the portion of the octane value they capture is surprisingly small. We’ll put some numbers to that below. But first, to quantify and break down who captures what on octane value, we will picture the gasoline market as a three-stage supply chain:

  • In the first stage, pure refiners make refinery gasoline that is later blended with ethanol to make the 10% ethanol blend (commonly called E10) sold at virtually all retail pumps. The refiner’s octane margin depends on the prices received for their refined gasoline products (before ethanol blending), which are commonly called blendstocks for oxygenate blending (BOBs).
  • Next, BOBs are sold by refiners into a gasoline supply chain. Spot supply points transact bulk volumes of BOBs near refinery hubs. Rack supply points transact smaller volumes of BOB, often off a pipeline. (The ethanol added to create E10 is mostly done at the rack level.)
  • Finally, retail supply points deliver blended E10 into our cars, SUVs and trucks at filling stations.

In this high-level picture of the octane market, we consider two grades of BOB — regular BOB and premium BOB. The octane difference between the two corresponds to the octane ratings of the regular and premium retail E10 products. With this picture of a three-level supply chain (spot, rack and retail levels) and two different grades (regular and premium) of BOB and E10, we can start breaking down the market value of octane by computing the price differentials between the premium and regular product at each point in the chain. That difference is our measure of the market value, or price of octane, at that point.

To see how this works in practice, let’s start with a look at the U.S. Gulf Coast spot trading hub. Figure 1 below shows the historical U.S. average retail octane value (blue line) and the U.S. Gulf Coast spot octane value (orange line).

U.S. Average Retail Octane and Gulf Coast Spot Octane Values

Figure 1. U.S. Average Retail Octane and Gulf Coast Spot Octane Values.

Sources: Hoekstra Trading, RBN